This also increased efficiency and production due to their increase in accuracy. The transformation of instrumentation from mechanical pneumatic transmitters, controllers, and valves to electronic instruments reduced maintenance costs as electronic instruments were more dependable than mechanical instruments. This signal was eventually standardized as ANSI/ISA S50, “Compatibility of Analog Signals for Electronic Industrial Process Instruments", in the 1970s. Such devices could control a desired output variable, and provide either remote monitoring or automated control capabilities.Įach instrument company introduced their own standard instrumentation signal, causing confusion until the 4–20 mA range was used as the standard electronic instrument signal for transmitters and valves. Instruments attached to a control system provided signals used to operate solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, relays and other devices. The transistor was commercialized by the mid-1950s. A transmitter is a device that produces an output signal, often in the form of a 4–20 mA electrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure, or ethernet are possible. Transistor electronics enabled wiring to replace pipes, initially with a range of 20 to 100mA at up to 90V for loop powered devices, reducing to 4 to 20mA at 12 to 24V in more modern systems. Typically a signal ranged from 3 to 15 psi (20 to 100kPa or 0.2 to 1.0 kg/cm2) as a standard, was standardized with 6 to 30 psi occasionally being used for larger valves. The ranges of pneumatic transmitters were defined by the need to control valves and actuators in the field. The evolution of analogue control loop signalling from the pneumatic era to the electronic eraĮarly systems used direct process connections to local control panels for control and indication, which from the early 1930s saw the introduction of pneumatic transmitters and automatic 3-term (PID) controllers. Integrating sensors, displays, recorders and controls was uncommon until the industrial revolution, limited by both need and practicality. The concept has remained virtually unchanged as evidenced by pneumatic chart recorders, where a pressurized bellows displaces a pen. Such devices did not become standard in meteorology for two centuries. A drawing shows meteorological sensors moving pens over paper driven by clockwork. In 1663 Christopher Wren presented the Royal Society with a design for a "weather clock". By 270 BCE they had the rudiments of an automatic control system device. Improvements were incorporated in the clocks. One of the oldest water clocks was found in the tomb of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I, buried around 1500 BCE. Some of the earliest measurements were of time. Scales for comparing weights and simple pointers to indicate position are ancient technologies. The history of instrumentation can be divided into several phases.Įlements of industrial instrumentation have long histories. A local instrumentation panel on a steam turbine
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